The former player: 'I really hoped to carry on my rugby career'
Warning: This article includes descriptions of discriminatory comments and conduct
Ex-England player Luther Burrell states that speaking out to reveal racial discrimination in professional rugby led his professional journey to an early conclusion.
In a June 2022, Burrell described racism as being "rife" in the sport, showing digital communications and remembering training ground "jokes" he had been subject to while representing Newcastle.
At that time 34 and without a team, Burrell's only elite playing since has been three appearances with invitational side the Barbarians.
"I've have absolutely had to retire because of what happened," he told reporters.
"I wanted to continue competing, naturally I did. I sought that, and it collapsed when word came out that there were inquiries going on.
"This situation was difficult - I had to just accept the outcome and understand that this whole process is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization investigation in 2023 found Burrell's claims were true "likely correct", but said it could not gather enough proof to categorically say they occurred at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014 and 2015, but was controversially overlooked for their team for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell told media he also faced discrimination within the England team environment, during a Test career that saw him win 15 caps after his debut in February 2014.
"I've had several distressing experiences within the national team," he said.
"Some discrimination and some just old-school mentality that's really inappropriate."
Racism had become accepted in dressing rooms, in Burrell's experience.
"This is something that has been dressed up as banter and that's been the issue that I've myself suffered and witnessed," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a period of time you just begin to think that it's the norm and that is acceptable and that it's not harmful, but that's incorrect."
Burrell explains he was eventually motivated to speak out after a fellow player at Newcastle referred to him as a "enslaved person" and instructed him to put sunscreen on his wrists and ankles "where chains would be placed."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "a deeper look at the culture within the professional level and to the implementation of an action plan for the elite level."
"We has placed considerable focus on diversity and inclusion in rugby union and a substantial amount of work completed both before and since Luther Burrell came forward and shared his experiences of racism and class discrimination," it added.
"We are continuing work with clubs and partners in the elite level to work for a environment of acceptance but recognize this takes time and is an continuous effort."
All Premiership and PWR club now has face-to-face education on creating inclusive environments, with its success monitored via specific documentation and feedback.
All England athletes, including youth squads, are trained in being "engaged observers" to intervene and protect others from harmful conduct.
"You be so pleased of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film about his experiences.
"We know it has had this impact on you and finished your playing days, but in our view, you have achieved so much. We are so impressed of you and to have you as a family member."
Burrell's dad Geoff died soon after the production of the documentary, and his sister died recently.
Burrell, who grew up on a council estate in Huddersfield, continues his work to make the sport more open.
His charitable organization works to connect with children in disadvantaged communities and support them thrive on and off the field with free sports training, guidance and nutrition education.
"My personal motivations are pure, I want to see the evolution of the game and if others is prepared to share their experience then I'll continue to advocate for that fight because I'm not just doing this for myself," he said.
"We have an obligation to make the sport as excellent as it can be and the more I speak about it perhaps the more comfortable fellow players will become about discussing their personal experiences as well.
"I grab the challenge by the opportunity and continue carrying this flag and keep supporting this weight and accomplish what I can to develop possibilities and make the game more attractive and more inclusive.
"There are a lot of underprivileged young people and a lot of economic hardship and I honestly think that rugby has the ability to change their futures, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored a try for the Barbarians on a comeback to previous team Northampton in November 2022